PHP program to convert string to lowercase without using the library function

Changing over the string to lowercase in PHP: Here, we will become familiar with the rationale to change over the given string is a lowercase string without utilizing the library function in PHP.

Given a string and we need to change over it into a lowercase string without utilizing any library function.

PHP code:

<?php
//function definition
//this function accepts a string/text, converts
//text to lowercase and return the lowercase converted string
function lowercase($str)
{
	$chars  = str_split($str);
	$result = '';

	//loop from 0th character to the last character
	for ($i = 0; $i < count($chars); $i++) {
		//extracting the character and getting its ASCII value
		$ch = ord($chars[$i]);

		//if character is a lowercase alphabet then converting 
		//it into an lowercase alphabet
		if ($chars[$i] >= 'A' && $chars[$i] <= 'Z')
			$result .= chr($ch + 32);
		else
		$result .= $chars[$i];
	}
	//finally, returning the string
	return $result;
}

//function calling
$text = "HELLO WORLD";
echo lowercase($text);
echo "<br>";

$text = "Hello world!";
echo lowercase($text);
echo "<br>";

$text = "Hello@123.com";
echo lowercase($text);
echo "<br>";
?>

Output

hello world
hello world!
hello@123.com

Code clarification:

We convert the string ($str) into a variety of characters ($chars) at that point figure their ASCII value utilizing ord() function. Since we realize that in ASCII, the lowercase characters come precisely 32 places after the capitalized proportionate, we add 32 to the ASCII value and afterwards convert it back to the character utilizing the chr() function. The output is put away in the $result variable.

This program is a decent verification of the idea.